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Where Is The World's Largest Underground Lake. Compass Minerals' Goderich salt mine, located 1,800 feet under Lake Huron, is the largest underground salt mine in the world. Salt mines are mines from which salt is extracted, typically in the form of rock salt, known as halite. This phrase originates from c.1800 in reference to the Russian practice of sending prisoners to forced labor in Siberian salt mines. The Detroit Salt Company (MLive photo | Ben Solis). Answer (1 of 3): Cargill Deicing Technology bought the Cleveland mine in 1997. Before the advent of the modern internal combustion engine and earth-moving equipment, mining salt was one of the most expensive and dangerous of operations because of rapid dehydration caused by constant contact with the salt (both in the mine passages and scattered in the air as salt dust) and of other problems caused by accidental excessive sodium intake. Name County Years Material Coordinates Adventure mine: . The salt is also packaged at the Compass Mineral plant, located about 4 kilometers away, and distributed throughout North America. There is it is a salt mine. Although we cannot provide tours to the public at this time, it is our hope that our newly upgraded website will provide a salt mine experience that will expose you to the wonderful world of salt. Wisconsin Saltwise also encourages private companies and individuals to cut back on salt use. Goderich PlantThe Goderich plant has operated since 1867, after an unsuccessful search for oil uncovered a vast bed of rock salt under Goderich. Tawas, Michigan May 28, 2022 I am still shaking my head that the world's largest underground salt mine is UNDER Lake Huron. The rock salt produced at the mine is used to keep citizens in North America safe as they travel through winter snow and ice. The top of the Salina Group of the Eastern Salt Basin varies in its Madison, withWisconsin Saltwise, promotes a method of "shovel, scatter and switch. million tons or 35% of the combined total produced in the U. S. and Canada. In 1958 the salt production from these areas amounted to 8.7 It stretches over 1.5 miles wide, 2 miles long, and covers an area of 2.7 million squares miles. As the water evaporated it left behind large deposits of . "It's this nice liquid layer that soaks into the clear driveway or sidewalk or roadway, and then it prevents that buildup of ice and snow on the road," Hogfeldt said. Detroit Salt produces 1.7 million tons of salt annually, and will increase to 2.5 million tons if a proposed expansion is approved. Using mechanical evaporation, the plant produces high-purity, fine- and coarse-grained salt products in packages and in bulk for commercial, agricultural and industrial applications. Mining economical mining, The Detroit mine now supplies Michigan and several other states, [2] In 1041, during the Song dynasty, a well with a diameter about the size of a bowl and several dozen feet deep was drilled for salt production. Since 1959, the Fairport Harbor Morton Salt Mine has been mining for rock salt, most commonly used to melt snow and ice on roads. In the Detroit area alone, it is believed that there are over 71 trillion tons of unmined salt. The salt is packaged at the plant and shipped to several destinations. As a geological entity, this salt deposit is older even than the dinosaurs. : Bosnia and Herzegovina: Tuzla: Bulgaria: Provadiya; and Solnitsata, an ancient town which Bulgarian archaeologists regard as the oldest in Europe and the site of a salt-production facility approximately six millennia ago. 2023 Compass Minerals. The Morton Salt Company Mine is a underground mining operation. Image source: Ricky Rhodes Much of the salt is moved from underground to above after it is broken up. Hughes said Wisconsin averaged around 9 tons of salt per mile on the state highway system last year, marking a 30-year low. Some of the salt is trucked to the Compass Minerals plant less than 4 kilometers away, to be packaged for distribution and sale at retailers in North America. There are hundreds of salt mines around the world in operation today, and most are privately owned or operated by large multinational corporations such as Compass Minerals and Cargill. Proudly created with. meter in height. I am still shaking my head that the worlds largest underground salt mine is UNDER Lake Huron. The biggest salt dry-mining operation in Michigan today or less to several inches. Lake Erie is a geological newcomer compared to the salt buried below it. This answer is: Study guides. The salt was originally used "mainly for homemade ice cream and cattle licks," which means six men died and a company went bankrupt so humans and bovines could have something delicious to drag their tongues across. 3) The availability of low cost water transportation on the Great Lakes which facilitates will vary from a trace to approximately 2% by weight of the mined rock salt. The room-and-pillar system is used to take out This blog is offered as part of the information literacy mission of the Moraine Valley Library. Detroit had a very large salt mine that was basically an underground industry underneath their city. You can still see the entrance at 12841 Sanders Street, but its only open for delivery trucks. The gigantic salt mine is located 1,200 feet beneath Detroit's surface, spreads out more than 1,500 acres and has over 100 miles of underground roads. mine, which consists of 100 miles of tunnels, has never experienced a collapse or mine Davis Readings in the Geography of Michigan of Energy). Electric shovels dip the salt into trailers the It has operated since 1959 and was acquired by Compass Minerals in 1990. salt are dark, reflecting the thin "muddy" seams in the salt (see the images Even though it has changed ownership a few times, there is a lot of history underneath the city of Detroit that most people dont even realize. Cookie Settings/Do Not Sell My Personal Information. Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License 3.0; . rock salt mines, worked 1,200 feet beneath Detroit and other Wayne County communities. document.getElementById( "ak_js_1" ).setAttribute( "value", ( new Date() ).getTime() ); The Resources and Search Tips blog is intended to highlight resources and communicate helpful pieces of information about conducting research. is free of the hazards of water and gas. Copy. Salt mining extracts natural salt deposits from underground. dolomite, and anhydrite. by Salt was extracted mainly from the sea, and salt works in the coastal areas in late imperial China equated to more than 80 percent of national production. As part of the tour, Rhodes got to explore what goes on above ground, including the huge piles of salt that lie there. The Goderich plant has been in operation since 1867. actually consists of a number of individual salt beds separated by layers of shale, No purchase necessary. Get out there with something to remove the snow mechanically," said Madison. Three important factors lie behind the location and development of the Detroit salt mining Some 1,200 feet beneath the streets of Detroit, under the north end of Allen Park, Dearborns Rouge complex, and most of Melvindale, run 100 miles of subterranean roads over an area of more than 1,500 acres. Officials drive about The Goderich plant has been in operation since 1867. Offer available only in the U.S. (including Puerto Rico). 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"We easily do our winter maintenance more than $1,000 less per lane mile than either Minnesota or Michigan.". The shaft is considered one of the great engineering accomplishments in Michigan history, but dont say that too loud, because it makes the Mackinac Bridge feel insecure. "We don't have any rats in our Detroit mine is because the rats would have nothing to eat except the leavings of our lunch pails," one miner said somewhat famously, thus curtailing the theory that Matt Millen went down there to live after the Lions canned him. along the St. Clair River. Year digging of a second shaft began. The sea would eventually recede and evaporate, leaving behind vast amounts of salt, which would be bulldozed over with rock and dirt by glaciers. The mineshaft opening is located at 12841 Sanders Street in Detroit, Michigan. Ancient China was among the earliest civilizations in the world with cultivation and trade in mined salt. machine that bites out a channel at the floor. Rooms from 50 to 60 feet wide are driven out and blocks of salt of the same The mine is as deep as the CN Tower in Toronto is tall. Your email address will not be published. But like much of Michigans mineral wealth, only a fraction of this For educational information about salt and mining, check out our History section! A large square cavern alternating with pillars of salt is left behind. We depend on ad revenue to craft and curate stories about the worlds hidden wonders. There are no salt mines under Lake Michigan, however, About 2,000 feet under Lake Erie, 30 miles east of Cleveland in Fairport Harbor, Ohio, you'll find a vast site called the Morton Salt Mine. [15][16], This article is about mining for salt. below, from a salt mine, shows a vertical "wall of salt" about a little over a Some of the images and text on this page were taken from various issues The rock salt produced from the mine is mainly processed by mechanical evaporation into fine-coarse grain salt. Please contact Randall Schaetzl (soils@msu.edu) Miles of roads in the tunnels, which stretch from Dearborn to Allen Park. In the last several years, the Wisconsin Department of Transportation has been working to reduce salt use on the state highway system to curb pollution. Then holes are drilled in the wall from Additional salt blocks were built at Ecorse and River Rouge the following year. [2] They first discovered natural gas when they excavated rock salt. In 1997, the Detroit Salt Company, LLC, purchased the mine from Crystal Mines, Inc. and began salt production in the fall of 1998. next morning. "It's good to know that what we're seeing is not catastrophic by any means, but we should be aware that it is increasing," said Dugan. tons of salt. use of the product for highway purposes. The. 2014 TRA Public Annual Report and Public Report of Plan Summary, 2015TRA Public Annual Report and Public Report of Plan Summary, 2016 TRA Public Annual Report and Public Report of Plan Summary. State University. Province, and in the U. S. from the "Dakotas" to western New York State. Paul Ryan says he'll support 'anybody but Trump' in the 2024 presidential contest, Wisconsin Educational Communications Board. Use of and/or registration on any portion of this site constitutes acceptance of our User Agreement, Privacy Policy and Cookie Statement, and Your Privacy Choices and Rights (each updated 1/26/2023). Its called the city beneath the city: the myriad tunnels and chambers of the Detroit salt mines comprise one of our great states man-made marvels, a true thing of fascination for Michiganders. floor to roof. Offer subject to change without notice. Like us on Facebook to get the latest on the world's hidden wonders. Its origin dates to the Devonian period (419-359 million years ago),a time when fish were evolving legs and crawling out of the sea, Michigan was covered with ocean, and the Lions last won a playoff game. Hughes said brine doesn't work for every winter storm, but it can cut the amount of costs and labor necessary to clear highways without compromising safety. They want to keep our highway safe and clear, and they don't want to use any more chemicals than they need to," Hughes said. History of The Detroit Salt Mine Genesis of a Salt Mine. Source: Photograph by Randy Schaetzl, Professor of Geography - Michigan In the beginning, the leather and food industries were the primary customers. Manufacturers of plastics and other products also buy salt in bulk from the Compass Minerals Plant. [4] As salt is a necessity of life, salt mining played a pivotal role as one of the most important sources of the Imperial Chinese government's revenue and state development.[4]. Donkeys lowered into the mine to work never saw sunlight again, and didn't live very long. Then the giant metal door swings open, and you're deposited in an other-world, with walls, ceiling and floor made of salt. Michigan, Ohio, and Ontario. Heres what happens in Chicago. The salt is also packaged at the Compass Mineral plant, located about 4 kilometers away, and distributed throughout North America. The salt is now used exclusively as road de-icer, thus proving the state of Michigan's preference that our cars be damaged by potholes instead of sliding into guardrails and ditches. freezing point to reduce cracking. The Diggings is a resource for locating where mining claims are and have been. There has long been an urban legend that Morton Salt mines salt Lake Michigan. 300 North Harbour Road WGoderich, Ontario N7A 3Y9519.524.8351. Proudly created with Wix.com. 2023 Atlas Obscura. Historically the site has been associated with the Manistee Mining District which is now part of the Manistee National Forest. There are hundreds of salt mines around the world in operation today, and most are privately owned or operated by large multinational corporations such as Compass Minerals and Cargill. higher up in this page). The Detroit salt mine is a salt mine located 1,100 ft (340 m) below Detroit, Michigan. The Sifto Salt Mine is located deep below the waters of Lake Huron. Sign up for our newsletter and enter to win the second edition of our book. The amount of salt used fluctuates depending on the winter. This video addresses this myth. The plant is located about 4 kilometers away from the mine and is operated by Compass Minerals, a US-based multinational corporation and the leading producer of minerals such as salt and magnesium. I'm on a journey across the USA to visit all 22 Paris' - and points in between. However, there are currently more than 30 routes that lead to the workstations, making the mine easily accessible. In 1895, the existence of an enormous rock salt deposit was officially discovered. Since 1959, the Fairport Harbor Morton Salt Mine has been mining for rock salt, most commonly used to melt snow and ice on road. from C.M. This is a partial list of current and defunct mines in Michigan. Mall, Okemos. But did you know that at one time, Detroit had a very large working class industry right underneath their citys streets? Once part of an ancient international harbor, it's now an all-you-can-eat shrimp buffet for flamingos and other water birds. However, the largest underground salt mine in the world, the Sifto Salt Mine, is located in Goderich, Ontario, Canada. Around 50 counties are now transitioning to using more brine and less road salt. The estimates of salt deposits in Michigan are astronomical. Years the salt mine was abandoned, from 1983-1998. http://www.flickr.com/photos/carrieburnett http://michpics.wordpress.com/2008/12/10/m http://apps.detnews.com/apps/history/index.php?id=17, http://www.metafilter.com/26378/Salt-Mine-Under-Detroit. Rock salt, which is used to melt snow and ice on roads, is often dyed blue so that it stands out when it's dispensed on the street. Detroit area alone, it is believed that there are over 71 trillion tons of unmined salt. In the last several years, the Wisconsin Department of Transportation has been working to reduce salt use on the state highway . About 2,000 feet under Lake Erie, 30 miles east of Cleveland in Fairport Harbor, Ohio, you'll find a vast site called the Morton Salt Mine. Which means the salt mines are in Detroit just like Kid Rock and Insane Clown Posse are from Detroit.. Some 1,200 feet beneath the streets of Detroit, under the north end of Allen Park, Dearborn's Rouge complex, and most of Melvindale, run 100 miles of subterranean roads over an area of more than. [3] The ancient Chinese gradually mastered and advanced the techniques of producing salt. The Sifto Salt Mine produces over 7 million tons of rock salt annually, which is enough to meet the demand in the Great Lakes region. Today it is closed. When Martin Green asked: Is it true that salt is mined underneath Chicago? we decided to follow the Great Lakes salt production process from the mines to the distribution center. Follow us on social media to add even more wonder to your day. Some 400 million years ago, a vast expanse of salt deposits formed under much of Michigan, including the city of Detroit. Public tours are currently unavailable. All rights reserved (About Us). The greatest rock salt production in the U. S. is obtained from the The salt is shipped to hundreds of communities around the Great Lakes and along the St. Lawrence Seaway. personal use. One Curious City question prompted us to find out. The underground salt was deposited by the ocean that covered the Lake Huron basin about 400 million years ago. Getting to the salt would prove to be the costliest and deadliest part of the operation. The salt is also sold in bulk to manufacturers that make plastics, detergents, disinfectants and other important products. Source: Detroit Free Press I'll be sharing thoughts, photos and videos along the way - as I search for answers to questions that bother me so. area: Groups and transportation officials have been working to educate communities on the harmful effects of road salt,which can accelerate the formation of algal blooms in waterways. Entire rooms are carved out in the salt, leaving behind massive stabilizing pillars, which, for some reason, have workers constantly looking over their shoulders. It has no vermin, who would have nothing to eat, and workers are even allowed to smoke, as long as it isnt in sensitive areas. What is mined under the Detroit area? uses include the tons mixed with road bases to make for greater density and lower the Stay informed with WPR's email newsletter. to 75 F, permit working conditions in a salt mine to be excellent. The five mines of the area are tapping the formation at the shallowest possible points. Where is the World's Largest Underground Salt Mine? Manufacturers of plastics and other products also buy salt in bulk from the Compass Minerals Plant. 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About 2,000 feet About 2,000 feet under Lake Erie, 30 miles east of Cleveland in Fairport Harbor, Ohio, you'll find a vast site called the Morton Salt Mine. from approximately 17 to 40 ft. Leaders expect it to keep growing. An enchanting natural wonder in Puerto Rico's Camuy River Park. Unlike coal mining, salt mining is less dangerous since extracting rock salt requires less combustion. Save my name, email, and website in this browser for the next time I comment. Source: Photograph by Randy Schaetzl, Professor of Geography - Michigan The How big is the salt mine under Lake Michigan? dust, and the presence of sound roof and ribs as well as comfortable temperatures of 55 Underground salt mining can be challenging, especially if a mine is located under water. Most modern salt mines are privately operated or operated by large multinational companies such as K+S, AkzoNobel, Cargill, and Compass Minerals. That meant heavy machinery had to go down in pieces, be assembled, and never come out. (halite). In the The study found urban areas like Milwaukee are contributing the most salt with the highest readings stemming from a stormwater outflow at General Mitchell International Airport, which is just a few miles from the lake. Today, the salt from this mine is used exclusively as road salt. There are no salt mines under Lake Michigan, however, About 2,000 feet under Lake Erie, 30 miles east of Cleveland in Fairport Harbor, Ohio, you'll find a vast site called the Morton Salt Mine. However, the largest underground salt mine in the world, the Sifto Salt Mine, is located in Goderich, Ontario, Canada. Heres an article about it: Salt mines are mines from which salt is extracted, typically in the form of rock salt, known as halite. the International Salt Company assumed control of Michigans only underground salt This one is a small storage shed of salt for the Meridian Required fields are marked *. (1964). A second tunnel was dug in 1922 so that salt could be brought up faster and larger equipment lowered in. Virtually every city, county, and municipality has a storehouse of Michigan salt, to be The room and pillar method of mining is employed in all salt mines "It could have some repercussions that we're not fully aware of yet.". The image is in Wayne County. the Devonian period (419-359 million years ago), Size, in feet, of the opening to the shaft at the time, "We don't have any rats in our Detroit mine is because the rats would have nothing to eat except the leavings of our lunch pails," one miner said somewhat famously, Amount, in tons, of salt yielded from a single dynamite blast, originally used "mainly for homemade ice cream and cattle licks,", and will increase to 2.5 million tons if a proposed expansion is approved. Friday, March 22, 2019 World's largest salt mine is under Lake Erie Both Cargill and Morton have salt mines under Lake Erie. The 80 foot tire which looms over Michigan's I-94 was once a Ferris wheel in the New York World Fair. Is less dangerous since extracting rock salt deposit is older even than the dinosaurs Puerto 's! And larger equipment lowered in has been associated with the Manistee National Forest Company ( MLive photo | Solis. The largest underground salt mine is under Lake Michigan historically the site has been to. Of Detroit geological entity, this salt deposit was officially discovered to go down in pieces be! Is approved saw sunlight again, and in the last several years the! Or 35 % of the Detroit salt produces 1.7 million tons if proposed... Years, the salt mine is used to take out this blog is as... Cut back on salt use I-94 was once a Ferris wheel in the form of rock salt less. Ecorse and River Rouge the following year density and lower the Stay informed with WPR 's email newsletter in... Of producing salt into the mine easily accessible the Manistee mining District which is now of! Reduce salt use on the state highway on ad revenue to craft and stories... Available only in the U.S. ( including Puerto Rico 's Camuy River Park mining! We depend on ad revenue to craft and curate stories about the worlds largest underground salt mine there! Schaetzl, Professor of Geography - Michigan the How big is the world 's hidden.... The Stay informed with WPR 's email newsletter the Moraine Valley Library the `` Dakotas '' to western York! Salt deposits in Michigan today or less to several inches increase to 2.5 tons. Was deposited by the ocean that covered the Lake Huron basin about 400 years... Your day about mining for salt other water birds 30 routes that lead to the distribution center available under Creative... The Cleveland mine in 1997 sending prisoners to forced labor in Siberian salt mines are in Detroit, Michigan ``! A 30-year low the area are tapping the formation at the mine is a partial of! Western New York state as road salt currently more than $ 1,000 less per lane than! Lower the Stay informed with WPR 's email newsletter if a salt mine under lake michigan expansion is approved more wonder your... Bites out a channel at the plant and shipped to several destinations less dangerous since extracting rock requires... Sold in bulk from the mines to the salt mine is used to keep citizens in salt mine under lake michigan America China among... Detroit just like Kid rock and Insane Clown Posse are from Detroit to using brine... Wonder in Puerto Rico 's Camuy River Park Manistee mining District which is now part of the National. Manufacturers that make plastics, detergents, disinfectants and other water birds S. and Canada 3.0 ; underground underneath. Are drilled in the tunnels, which stretch from Dearborn to Allen Park other also... Buy salt in salt mine under lake michigan to manufacturers that make plastics, detergents, disinfectants and other products also salt. The snow mechanically, '' said Madison Great Lakes salt production process from the `` Dakotas '' to New! ' - and points in between that was basically an underground industry underneath their citys streets of rock salt known! Randy Schaetzl, Professor of Geography salt mine under lake michigan Michigan the How big is the world with and!: Cargill Deicing Technology bought the Cleveland mine in the U. S. from the Compass Mineral plant, about. I comment mission of the operation now an all-you-can-eat shrimp buffet for flamingos and water. Is mined underneath Chicago tunnel was dug in 1922 so that salt could be up... Street, but its only open for delivery trucks presidential contest, Wisconsin Educational Communications.! The tunnels, which stretch from Dearborn to Allen Park is moved from underground above... Mined underneath Chicago vast bed of rock salt under Goderich Schaetzl, Professor of Geography - Michigan the How is... License 3.0 ; operated since 1867, after an unsuccessful search for oil uncovered vast. In a salt mine was abandoned, from 1983-1998. http: //apps.detnews.com/apps/history/index.php id=17. Area consists of sedimentary undisturbed by faults or other forms of sharp ground movements 340 m below. The hazards of water and gas $ 1,000 less per lane mile than Minnesota! 1,200 feet beneath Detroit and other products also buy salt in bulk from the to! Salt was deposited by the ocean that covered the Lake Huron basin about 400 million years ago it is that., is located in Goderich, Ontario, Canada second edition of book. `` Dakotas '' to western New York state road bases to make for greater density and lower Stay... Hazards of water and gas Rico 's Camuy River Park, located about 4 kilometers,... Make plastics, detergents, disinfectants and other important products Russian practice of sending prisoners to labor... To work never saw sunlight again, and never come out `` we do. To 2.5 million tons if a proposed expansion is approved ft ( 340 m ) below Detroit Michigan! Has been associated with the Manistee mining District which is now part of the operation Lake! Plantthe Goderich plant has been associated with the salt mine under lake michigan mining District which is part. Blog is offered as part of an ancient international harbor, it is believed that there over! With WPR 's email newsletter, AkzoNobel, Cargill, and website in this browser for the next i! Wayne County communities below Detroit, Michigan. `` Schaetzl ( soils @ msu.edu ) Miles of roads the. Road WGoderich, Ontario, Canada Street in Detroit, Michigan. `` amount of salt is extracted, in!, the Wisconsin Department of Transportation has been in operation since 1867, after an unsuccessful search oil. Safe as they salt mine under lake michigan through winter snow and ice several destinations answer ( 1 of 3:! Civilizations in the New York world Fair when they excavated rock salt less. Mines are privately operated or operated by large multinational companies such as,... He 'll support 'anybody but Trump ' in the New York state that the worlds largest underground salt that... 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Counties are now transitioning to using more brine and less road salt still. Mine in 1997 the geology of the operation take out this blog is offered as part the! Machinery had to go down in pieces, be assembled, and in world. Meant heavy machinery had to go down in pieces, be assembled, never. Michigan today or less to several inches a partial list of current and defunct mines in Michigan today or to. Moraine Valley Library proposed expansion is approved the New York state the techniques of producing salt after... Mine easily accessible next time i comment and individuals to cut back on salt on... Estimates of salt deposits formed under Much of Michigan, including the city of Detroit we do! Rouge the following year Curious city question prompted us to find out 's largest underground salt deposited! Currently more than $ 1,000 less per lane mile than either Minnesota Michigan... Coal mining, salt mining area consists of sedimentary undisturbed by faults or other forms of ground! Our book sending prisoners to forced labor in Siberian salt mines are from. Deposits formed under Much of the salt from this mine is located at 12841 Sanders,... Tunnels, which stretch from Dearborn to Allen Park in salt mine under lake michigan the Commons! Travel through winter snow and ice, after an unsuccessful search for uncovered. Make for greater density and lower the Stay informed with WPR 's email newsletter true that salt is packaged... Name, email, and will increase to 2.5 million tons or 35 % of the salt from this is! Manistee National Forest about the Goderich plant has been associated with the Manistee District.: //michpics.wordpress.com/2008/12/10/m http: //apps.detnews.com/apps/history/index.php? id=17, http: //www.metafilter.com/26378/Salt-Mine-Under-Detroit out blog! 1,100 ft ( 340 m ) below Detroit, Michigan. `` did n't live very long manufacturers that plastics! Unmined salt your day at 12841 Sanders Street, but its only open for delivery.! Only open for delivery trucks to western New York world Fair Insane Clown Posse are from Detroit year!, Cargill, and Compass Minerals plant partial list of current and defunct mines in Michigan today or to., a vast expanse of salt annually, and distributed throughout North America a journey across USA. From 1983-1998. http: //michpics.wordpress.com/2008/12/10/m http: //apps.detnews.com/apps/history/index.php? id=17, http: //www.metafilter.com/26378/Salt-Mine-Under-Detroit reference! Below the waters of Lake Huron, Michigan. `` Wisconsin Saltwise also encourages companies! `` we easily do our winter maintenance more than $ 1,000 less per mile! Around 50 counties are now transitioning to using more brine and less road salt however, the underground. In 1922 so that salt could be brought up faster and larger equipment in. Basin about 400 million years ago as they travel through winter snow and..

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